As a student at Keio University, Nukariya Kaiten (1867-1934) began translating texts from the Sōtō (Caodong) school into English, using the term ＂Zazen＂. After graduation, he emphasized scientific rational thinking and continued his study of Zen with a critical outlook, repudiating traditional Zen. During his visit to the West, his work The Religion of the Samurai: A Study of Zen Philosophy in China and Japan got published in London. Appointed as the Headmaster of Komazawa University, he was highly respected and had a great influence on international students from Taiwan, like Zeng Jing-lai, Li Tian-chun, etc. Returning back home after graduation, Zeng Jing-lai attempted to settle the social issues of Taiwan through the ideas of contemporary Buddhism. Similarly to Nukariya Kaiten, Inoue Shuten (1880-1945) was not only fluent in English, but also repudiated traditional Zen, which had formed the foundation of his studies. Engaging in the mission of the spreading Sōtō Buddhism in Taiwan, Inoue was active in Taiwan for some times after his journey to Asian countries like India. However, his influence on Taiwanese Buddhism has remained unknown until now and awaits future investigation and research.
Keywords:
the Religion of the Samurai, Komazawa University, Nukariya Kaiten, Inoue Shuten, Zeng Jing-lai